R-11 Zemlya, or 8A61 was a Soviet tactical ballistic missile. It is also known by its NATO reporting name SS-1 Scud-A (the first of several similar missiles with the reporting name Scud). The R-11 originated from a 1951 requirement for a ballistic missile with similar performance to the German V-2 rocket, but half its size. The definitive R-11M, designed to carry a nuclear warhead, was accepted officially into service on 1 April 1958. The launch system received the GRAU index 8K11. Like the V-2, the R-11 relied on inertial guidance, and its flight was controlled by four graphite vanes in the engine exhaust, that were active only while the motor was burning. The R-11M had a maximum range of 270 kilometres, but when carrying a nuclear warhead, this was reduced to 150 kilometres. At maximum range, it was found to have an average range error 1.19 kilometres. To give the system sufficient mobility on the battlefield, the R-11 was mounted on the chassis of an IS-2 tank, that became its first transporter erector launcher.
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